Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series Volume 27

Despite compulsory unitisation provisions in many national petroleum laws, unilateral capture of oil and gas – which leads to oil allocation problems between two adjoining licensees that have a common petroleum reservoir – continues to occur worldwide. Neither legislation nor judge-made law has succeeded in preventing it or eliminating its negative effects. Indeed, attempts by regulators to enforce retroactive unitisation are often met with stiff opposition and even court action. In effect, there is no protection or secured property right to underground petroleum resources: the so-called ‘rule of capture’ rewards those who diligently exploit others’ petroleum. Given today’s massive technological innovation, continued adherence to this outmoded practice flies in the face of investors’ rights and the broader field of human rights.

Addressing comprehensively the persistence of the rule of capture in light of new technologies such as horizontal or directional well drilling and hydraulic fracturing, this first book of its kind sets forth the necessary theoretical framework to determine whether an investor or licensee has property rights to a discovered petroleum reservoir and is thus entitled to protection under investment treaties and international human rights instruments. Although the issues covered are global, the author focuses on oil and gas law and jurisprudence in six key jurisdictions: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Nigeria, and the Netherlands. Issues and topics covered include the following:

• legal issues of retroactivity of costs and production;

• legal implications of failure by the State to make unitisation order effective from date of first production;

• triggers for property rights in discovered petroleum reservoir;

• nature of landowner’s interest in oil and gas in situ;

• nature of lessee’s interest created by oil and gas lease;

• labour theory as a basis for rule of capture;

• competitive drilling; and

• legal nature of the rights held by licensee in un-exploited petroleum reservoir.

Employing law as the main analytical tool, the book also draws on geology, reservoir engineering, and economic theories of property. The author develops a viable framework of protectable property rights in discovered petroleum reservoirs that will prevent unilateral capture and serve not only the public interest but also protect the interests of the licensees. He identifies the best standards and guidelines of the selected countries, and gives lawmakers, practitioners, and oil and gas executives a way to reconcile the interests of both the licensees and the State, to restore confidence and stimulate investments, and to enhance the security of a licensee’s title.

Preface

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 General Introduction

Chapter 2 Analytical Framework (The Nature of Property Right)

Chapter 3 Analysis of the Nature of Interests in Oil and Gas in Accession and Domanial Systems of Mining Law

Chapter 4 Property Rights in Discovered Petroleum Reservoir?

Chapter 5 The Regime of Unilateral Capture I – Accession Jurisdiction

Chapter 6 The Regime of Unilateral Capture II – Domanial Jurisdictions

Chapter 7 Protecting Property Right in Discovered Petroleum Reservoir

Chapter 8 Conclusions

Bibliography

Table of Cases

Table of Legislations

Agreements, Treaties and Guidelines

Index